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Glucose transporter-1 deficiency syndrome: the expanding clinical and genetic spectrum of a treatable disorder

Wilhelmina G. Leen1, Joerg Klepper2, Marcel M. Verbeek1,3, Maike Leferink4, Tom Hofste4, Baziel G. van Engelen1, Ron A. Wevers3, Todd Arthur5, Nadia Bahi-Buisson6, Diana Ballhausen7, Jolita Bekhof8, Patrick van Bogaert9, Inês Carrilho10, Brigitte Chabrol11, Michael P. Champion12, James Coldwell13, Peter Clayton14, Elizabeth Donner15, Athanasios Evangeliou16, Friedrich Ebinger17, Kevin Farrell18, Rob J. Forsyth19, Christian G. E. L. de Goede20, Stephanie Gross21, Stephanie Grunewald22, Hans Holthausen23, Sandeep Jayawant24, Katherine Lachlan25, Vincent Laugel26, Kathy Leppig27, Ming J. Lim12, Grazia Mancini28, Adela Della Marina29, Loreto Martorell30, Joe McMenamin31, Marije E. C. Meuwissen28, Helen Mundy12, Nils O. Nilsson32, Axel Panzer33, Bwee T. Poll-The34, Christian Rauscher35, Christophe M. R. Rouselle36, Inger Sandvig37, Thomas Scheffner38, Eamonn Sheridan39, Neil Simpson40, Parol Sykora41, Richard Tomlinson42, John Trounce43, David Webb31, Bernhard Weschke44, Hans Scheffer4,* and Michél A. Willemsen45,*

1 Department of Neurology Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands 2 Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, Children’s Hospital, Aschaffenburg, Germany 3 Laboratory of Paediatrics and Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands 4 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands 5 Department of Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, USA 6 Paediatric Neurology Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France 7 Division of Molecular Paediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland 8 Department of Paediatrics, Isala Klinieken, Zwolle, The Netherlands 9 Department of Paediatric Neurology, ULB-Hôpital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium 10 Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children’s Hospital Maria Pia, Porto, Portugal 11 Department of Neuropaediatrics Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Timone, Marseille, France 12 Evelina Children’s Hospital, London, UK 13 Children’s Medical Centre, Tulsa, USA 14 UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK 15 Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 16 Department of Paediatrics, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece 17 University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany 18 Department of Paediatrics, University of British Colombia and British Colombia’s Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, Canada 19 Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK 20 Department of Paediatric Neurology, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK 21 Department of Neuropaediatrics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany 22 Metabolic Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK 23 Neuropediatric Clinic, BHZ, Vogtareuth, Germany 24 Department of Paediatric Neurology, Oxford Children’s Hospital, Oxford, UK 25 Department of Clinical Genetics, Wessex Regional Genetics Service, Southhampton, UK 26 Department of Paediatric Neurology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France 27 Department of Genetics, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, USA 28 Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands 29 Department of Paediatric Neurology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany 30 Department of Molecular Genetics, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain 31 Department of Neurology, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 32 Department of Paediatrics, Halmstad Hospital, Halmstad, Sweden 33 Department of Paediatric Neurology, DRK Kliniken, Berlin, Germany 34 Department of Paediatric Neurology, University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 35 Department of Paediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria 36 Department of Paediatric Neurology, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Lyon, France 37 Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway 38 Klinik für Kinder-und Jugend Medizin, Reutlingen, Deutschland 39 Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK 40 Child Health Department, Bath NHS House, Bath, UK 41 Department of Child Neurology, University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia 42 Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK 43 Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK 44 Department of Neuropaediatrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany 45 Department of Paediatric Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands

Correspondence to: W.G. Leen, MD, Department of Neurology Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre 935 Neurology, PO BOX 9101 6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands E-mail: w.leen{at}neuro.umcn.nl

Glucose transporter-1 deficiency syndrome is caused by mutations in the SLC2A1 gene in the majority of patients and results in impaired glucose transport into the brain. From 2004–2008, 132 requests for mutational analysis of the SLC2A1 gene were studied by automated Sanger sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Mutations in the SLC2A1 gene were detected in 54 patients (41%) and subsequently in three clinically affected family members. In these 57 patients we identified 49 different mutations, including six multiple exon deletions, six known mutations and 37 novel mutations (13 missense, five nonsense, 13 frame shift, four splice site and two translation initiation mutations). Clinical data were retrospectively collected from referring physicians by means of a questionnaire. Three different phenotypes were recognized: (i) the classical phenotype (84%), subdivided into early-onset (<2 years) (65%) and late-onset (18%); (ii) a non-classical phenotype, with mental retardation and movement disorder, without epilepsy (15%); and (iii) one adult case of glucose transporter-1 deficiency syndrome with minimal symptoms. Recognizing glucose transporter-1 deficiency syndrome is important, since a ketogenic diet was effective in most of the patients with epilepsy (86%) and also reduced movement disorders in 48% of the patients with a classical phenotype and 71% of the patients with a non-classical phenotype. The average delay in diagnosing classical glucose transporter-1 deficiency syndrome was 6.6 years (range 1 month–16 years). Cerebrospinal fluid glucose was below 2.5 mmol/l (range 0.9–2.4 mmol/l) in all patients and cerebrospinal fluid : blood glucose ratio was below 0.50 in all but one patient (range 0.19–0.52). Cerebrospinal fluid lactate was low to normal in all patients. Our relatively large series of 57 patients with glucose transporter-1 deficiency syndrome allowed us to identify correlations between genotype, phenotype and biochemical data. Type of mutation was related to the severity of mental retardation and the presence of complex movement disorders. Cerebrospinal fluid : blood glucose ratio was related to type of mutation and phenotype. In conclusion, a substantial number of the patients with glucose transporter-1 deficiency syndrome do not have epilepsy. Our study demonstrates that a lumbar puncture provides the diagnostic clue to glucose transporter-1 deficiency syndrome and can thereby dramatically reduce diagnostic delay to allow early start of the ketogenic diet.

Key Words: GLUT1 deficiency syndrome; SLC2A1 gene; phenotype; cerebrospinal fluid; ketogenic diet

Abbreviations: GLUT1, glucose transporter-1

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Received September 14, 2009. Revised November 5, 2009. Accepted December 1, 2009.

*These authors contributed equally to this work.

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With the completion of Map Guide to German Parish Registers Vol. 32, The Province of Hannover (Hanover) portion of the series is now complete.

The series of three volumes are as follows:

• German Map Guide Vol 30. - Province of Hannover I - RB Hannover & Hildesheim
• German Map Guide Vol. 31 - Province of Hannover II - RB Luneberg & Stade
• German Map Guide Vol 32 - Province of Hannover III - RB Aurich & Osnabrück

The links above are to the soft cover volumes found at the FamilyRootsPublishing.com website.

Hard cover volume links are as follows:
Hanover I; Hanover II, and Hanover III.

The Hannover III volume covers 2,227 places - mostly towns, found in the Kingdom of Prussia, Province of Hanover (Hannover) RB of Aurich and Osnabrück.
This is the third of three volumes covering Hannover. Written in English by Kevan Hansen, the volume was principally written to help family historians resolve where their family may have gone to church – and left vital records behind that may be seen today. This is the thirty-second of a projected series of 54 volumes, covering all of Germany. The series is still in production. In many cases, even the smallest places are listed in this series – some with as little population as one person! These places are as of about 1870. If the place existed prior to that date, it will most likely be listed. If the place was named after that date, the chances drop.

Each volumes of the series does the following:

• Identifies the parish where an ancestor worshipped based on where they lived.
• Gives the FHL microfilm number for the family’s parish records.
• Identifies nearly every city, town, and place that included residents.
• Visually identifies church parishes for Lutherans & Catholics in each district.
• Identifies adjoining parishes in case an ancestor attended an alternate parish.
• Aids in area searches, particularly across district or regional borders.
• Provides visual identification of search areas in which to look for a family.
• Helps in determining proximity of one area to another.
• Aids in determining reasonable distances of travel from one area to another.
• Identifies population centers in each parish.
• Identifies archives, repositories, and other resources.
• Aids in identification of the location of minority religions.

The following places are found in this volume.

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• Andervenne (Oberdorf)
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• Atter
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• Auf dem Dreifuss
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• Auf dem Schott
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• Auf der Bülte
• Auf der Burg
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• Badbergen
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• Bad Rothenfelde
• Bagband
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• Bakelde
• Bakemoor
• Bakerde
• Bakum
• Balderhaar
• Balderhaarmoor
• Balgesbrück
• Balkum
• Balsterkamp
• Baltrum
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• Bangsteder Verlaat
• Bardel
• Barenburg
• Barenfleer
• Barg
• Barge
• Bargebudr
• Barger
• Bargerfehn
• Bargstede
• Barkel
• Barkenbusch
• Barkhausen
• Barstede
• Barthe
• Bartshausen
• Barums
• Basum Sussum
• Bauerhausen
• Bauersluft
• Bauhof
• Bawinkel
• Beckhusen
• Bedekaspel
• Bedinghausen
• Bedkaspeler Marsch
• Beel
• Beemoor
• Beesten
• Bei Neustadtgödens
• Belm
• Beningafehn
• Benkenbokern
• Bennien
• Bennierwald
• Bentheim
• Bentheim (Bauerschaft)
• Bentheim (Schloss)
• Bentswall
• Bentswalle
• Bentumersiel
• Berdum
• Berdumer alte Mitteldeich
• Berdumer Altendeich
• Berdumer Griweg
• Berdumer Grosseriege
• Berdumer Grünhof
• Berdumer neue Mitteldeich
• Berdumer Oberdeich
• Berg
• Berge
• Bergham
• Bergumer Hammrich
• Bernte
• Bersede
• Bersenbrück
• Berssen
• Berum
• Berumbur
• Berumerfehn
• Berumer Ziegelei
• Beschotenweg
• Besten
• Bettenwehr bei Kannum
• Bevenburg
• Beversundern
• Bexten
• Bexten Listrup
• Biene
• Biersum
• Bieste
• Biesterfeld
• Bill
• Billerei
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• Bingumgaste
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• Bischofspool
• Bissendorf
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• Blankenhausen
• Bleiche
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• Blomberg
• Bockhoff
• Bockholt
• Bockholte
• Bockhorst
• Bockraden
• Boekzetelerfehn
• Boekzeteler Kloster
• Boekzeteler Klosterhoek
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• Borg
• Börger
• Börgermoor
• Börgermühle
• Börgerwald
• Borgholt
• Borgloh Wellendorf
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• Borkerham
• Borkum
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• Borssumer Vorwerk
• Börstel (Stift)
• Borsum
• Borsumerfähr
• Botterfleth
• Bottorf
• Bovenhusen
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• Bramhaar
• Bramhar
• Bramsche
• Bramsche (Flecken)
• Bramsche Wesel
• Brandlecht
• Brandlecht (Bauerschaft)
• Brandlechter Haar
• Brecklenkamp
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• Bregenbecke
• Breinermoor
• Breinermoor Moorhäuser
• Breitefeld
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• Brill
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• Brinkenshöde
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• Bühren
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• Bunde
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• Burg
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• Carolinensiel
• Charlottenpolder
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• Cirkwehrumer Hammrich
• Collhusen
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• Dahlinghausen
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• Dambusen
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• Dammspolder
• Dampfziegelei
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• Dampziegelei
• Damsum
• Dankern
• Darme
• Darum
• Deddeborg
• Degenfeld
• Deich
• Deichhammrich
• Deichstrich
• Deich und Sielrott
• Deldorf
• Dellert
• Depenbrock
• Dersum
• Detern
• Deternerlehe
• Dettmershausen
• Deverwiese
• Diedrichsburg
• Diekenshof
• Diekhaus
• Diele
• Dielerheide
• Dielingdorf
• Diepenbrock
• Dietrichsfeld
• Dingdorf
• Dissen
• Dissener Berg
• Dissen Rothenfelde (Bahnhof)
• Ditzum
• Ditzumer Gross Warpen
• Ditzumerhammrich
• Ditzumer Klein Warpen
• Ditzumerverlaat
• Döhren
• Dohusen
• Döllinghausen
• Dollstrasse
• Doodshörn
• Doosfeld
• Dorenborg
• Dörgen
• Dornum
• Dornum (Bahnhof)
• Dornumergrode
• Dornumersiel
• Dornumer Vorwerk
• Dörpen
• Dörtelorf
• Dose
• Döthen
• Drantum
• Drantum (Gut)
• Dratum
• Dratum Ausbergen
• Dreehusen
• Dreesche
• Dreihausen
• Drenhusen
• Drennhusen
• Driehausen
• Driever
• Drievorden
• Drock
• Drope
• Dröper
• Drostensiel
• Druchhorn
• Duisenburg
• Dumhusen
• Düne
• Dünebroek (Grashaus)
• Dünebroek (Kloster)
• Dünebroek (Zollhaus)
• Düneburg
• Dünkerken
• Dunum
• Dürenkämpe
• Düthe
• Dykhausen
• Dykhusen
• Dyksterhus
• Dyksterhusen
• Dyksterkrug
• Ebbendorf
• Echteler
• Eckwarderhörn
• Edenhof
• Edenserkoog
• Egels
• Egge
• Eggelingen
• Ehrenwolde
• Eibenhhausen
• Eickholt
• Eielstädt
• Eiken
• Eikern
• Eiland
• Eilingweer
• Eilsum
• Einhaus
• Eisinghausen
• Eisinghusen
• Eisten
• Ekei
• Elbergen
• Elisenhof
• Ellerbeck
• Eltern
• Eltsenfeld
• Emden
• Emen
• Emlichheim
• Emmeln
• Emsbüren
• Ende der Westerstrasse
• Endzetel
• Engden
• Engelbertswald
• Engelern
• Engerhafe
• Engerhafer Marsch
• Engter
• Ennen
• Enno
• Ennoswonne
• Ent
• Epe
• Eppendorf
• Eppingawehr
• Epshausen
• Erbsenbinderei
• Erdhütte
• Erichswarfen
• Ernst August Polder
• Erpen
• Esche
• Eschebrügge
• Eschen
• Esens
• Esens (Bahnhof)
• Esklum
• Espel
• Essenerberg
• Esterfeld
• Esterhof
• Esterwegen
• Estringen
• Etzel
• Evenburg (Schloss)
• Eversmeer
• Evinghausen
• Extum
• Extumer Gate
• Extumer Hammrich
• Extumer Kiefmoor
• Fahne
• Fahnhusen
• Falkenhütte
• Farlage
• Fasshaar
• Feerstenborgum
• Fehnhusen
• Felde
• Feldflur
• Feldhausen
• Feldkamp
• Feldmark Emden
• Felsen
• Fetpotsdorf
• Fiebing
• Filsum
• Finkenburg
• Finkenburgshof
• Finkerei
• Firrel
• Flachsmeer
• Flechum
• Flinterei
• Fnuggenburg
• Föckinghausen
• Folmhusen
• Folsterhausen
• Forlitz Blaukirchen
• Forstaufseherwohnung
• Försterei in Reepsholt
• Forsthaus bei Stovern
• Frankensundern
• Freden
• Freepsum
• Freepsumer Vorwerk
• Freie Aussicht
• Frensdorf
• Frensdorferhaar
• Frenswegen
• Freren
• Fresenburg
• Friedeburg
• Friedeburgerwiesmoor
• Friedewarf
• Friedland
• Friedrichsfeld
• Friedrichsgrode
• Friedrichshof
• Friedrichsschleuse
• Friedrichswerth
• Friesenhof
• Früchtenborg
• Fuhlenkamp
• Fulkum
• Funixer Grosslege
• Funnix
• Funnixer Altedeich
• Funnixer alte Mitteldeich
• Funnixer Fähre
• Funnixerhörn
• Funnixer Klieneriege
• Funnixer neue Mitteldeich
• Fürstenau
• Gadens
• Gandersum
• Gänsepohl
• Garmbergen
• Garte
• Gaste
• Gaster Ackern
• Gastriege
• Geest
• Geeste
• Gehrde (Bauerschaft)
• Gehrde (Dorf)
• Geisbruch
• Gelen
• Gellenbeck
• Gelshof
• Georgsdorf
• Georgsfeld
• Georgsheil
• Georgshof
• Georgsmarienhütte
• Gerbeshausen
• Gerden
• Geringhusen
• Gersten
• Gersten Stroothook
• Gesmold
• Getelo
• Geteloermoor
• Gierhörn
• Gildehaus
• Glandorf
• Glane Bisbeck
• Glansburg
• Glansdorf
• Glesen
• Gödens
• Goldfisch
• Gölenkamp
• Grafeld
• Grasdorf
• Grashaus
• Grashausen
• Greehörn
• Greetsiel
• Grenze
• Gressenhöhe
• Grete
• Gretesch
• Grimersum
• Grimersumer Altedeich
• Grimersumer Vorwerk
• Grönloh
• Groothusen
• Groothuser Buschhaus
• Groothuser Mühle
• Groothuser Neuland
• Groothuser Wassermühle
• Gross Albringswehr
• Gross Aschen
• Gross Babel
• Gross Berssen
• Gross Bohnenburg
• Gross Buschhaus
• Gross Charlottengrode
• Gross Dohren
• Gross Dörgen
• Gross Drehle
• Grosse Horst
• Grosser Platz
• Gross Fullen
• Gross Grashaus
• Grossheide
• Gross Heikeland
• Gross Hesepe
• Gross Hieselhusen
• Grosshusums
• Gross Isums
• Gross Kiphausen
• Gross Kolhörn
• Gross Meerhaus
• Gross Midlum
• Gross Midlumber Meerde
• Gross Mimmelage
• Gross Mönnikeborgum
• Gross Moorburg
• Grossoldendorf
• Gross Rantzeel
• Gross Ringe
• Gross Sande
• Grosssander
• Gross Schulenburger Polder
• Gross Solborg
• Gross Stavern
• Gross Süder Charlottenpolder
• Gross Upende
• Gross Warsen
• Grosswolde
• Grosswolderfeld
• Grosswynhamsterkolk
• Grotegaste
• Groteland bei Jennelt
• Grothe
• Grovern
• Grumfeld
• Grumsmühlen
• Gründeich
• Grüppenhock
• Güstweide
• Haar
• Haaren
• Häferdeich
• Haftenkamp
• Hage
• Hage (Bahnhof)
• Hagelshoek
• Hagen Beckerode
• Hagenpolder
• Hager Hligenbur
• Hagermarsch
• Hagermarscher Landstrasse
• Hagerwilde
• Hageubeck
• Hahlen
• Hahlththorst
• Hahnefeld
• Hahnenberg
• Hahnentange
• Hakengraben
• Halbemond
• Hallande
• Halle
• Hallingdorf
• Halte
• Haltern
• Haltestelle
• Hamm
• Hammerhaus
• Hammern
• Hammrich
• Hampoel
• Hamswehrum
• Hamswehrumer Altendeich
• Hamswehrumer Hammrich
• Hamswehrumer Leeshaus
• Handarpe
• Handrup
• Haneborg
• Haneburg
• Haneckenfähr
• Hange
• Hankenberg
• Hardensetten
• Harderberg
• Hardingen
• Hardinghausen
• Haren
• Harenburg
• Harenerfähr
• Harenfeld
• Haren Rütenbrocker Kanal
• Harmsluft
• Harpenfeld
• Harpke
• Harrenstätte
• Harsweg
• Harsweger Ziegelei
• Hartetief
• Hartlage
• Hartsgast
• Hartward
• Hasbergen
• Haschenburg
• Haseborg
• Haselünne
• Haserkamp
• Hasselt
• Haste
• Hastrup
• Hatshausen
• Hattersum
• Hatzum
• Hatzumerfehn
• Hauen
• Haus Buttforde
• Haus Wohnung
• Haverbeck
• Haxtum
• Haxtumerfeld
• Hebbel
• Hebelermeer
• Hebrighausen
• Heede
• Heederfähr
• Heederfeld
• Heeke
• Heerenland
• Heesterkante
• Hefingen
• Heglitz
• Heidbrücken
• Heidebüld
• Heinitzpolder
• Heiselhusen
• Heisfelde
• Heitel
• Heithöfen
• Hekese
• Helenhof
• Helfenwarfen
• Helle
• Hellern
• Helling
• Hellmie
• Helschen
• Helte
• Hemsen
• Heppens
• Herbergen
• Herbrum
• Herbrumerfähre
• Herbrumerkämpe
• Herrenborg
• Herrenhof
• Herrenmühle
• Herringhausen
• Herssum
• Herssumermühle
• Hertmann
• Hertmann Lohbeck
• Herzford
• Herzlake
• Hesel
• Heseler Vorwerk
• Hesenbraek
• Hesepe
• Hesepertwist
• Hespenhausen
• Hesselte
• Hestrup
• Hettlich
• Heubrücke
• Heyenhörn
• Hilgenbur
• Hilgenriedersiel
• Hilkenborg
• Hilling
• Hillmersburg
• Hilmarsu
• Hilten
• Hilter
• Himbergen
• Himmelreich
• Hinnenkamp
• Hinte
• Hinte (Bahnhof)
• Hinterbruch
• Hinter Eschen
• Hinterm Berge
• Hinternbusch
• Hinter Theene
• Hissenhausen
• Hitzhausen
• Hitz Jöstinghausen
• Höchte
• Höckel
• Höcklenkamp
• Hofe
• Hofmeisterinnenburg
• Hogelücht
• Hohebarg
• Hohebier
• Hoheenden
• Hohegaste
• Hohehörn
• Hohekamp
• Hohemey
• Hohemoor
• Hohendarme
• Hohenkörben
• Hoher Sand
• Hoheweg
• Hohnekamp
• Hollage
• Hollen
• Hollenstede
• Holsten
• Holsten Mündrup
• Holt
• Holte
• Holterbarge
• Holterdorf
• Holterfehn
• Holtermoor
• Holte Sünsbeck
• Holtgast
• Holtgaste
• Holtgasterfeld
• Holtgaster Ziegelei
• Holthausen
• Holthusen
• Holthuserheide
• Holtland
• Holtlander Rücke
• Holtrop
• Holtroperfeld
• Holt und Haar
• Holzdorf
• Hölze
• Holzhausen
• Höne
• Honigforth
• Hoogsted Bathorn
• Hopels
• Hördinghausen
• Hörne
• Hörnhusen
• Hörntje
• Hornum
• Horst
• Horsten
• Hörsten
• Horster Grashaus
• Hörtel
• Hösingwehr
• Hovel
• Höven
• Hoyel
• Huden
• Hudenerfähr
• Hüllenerfehn
• Hülsen
• Hummeldorf
• Hümmelsberg
• Hundehock
• Hundertgrafen
• Hunfeld
• Hunfelde
• Hünnefeld
• Hunteburg
• Hüntel
• Husberg
• Hüsede
• Hüsederbruch
• Husen
• Hustädte
• Hustede
• Hüvede
• Hüven
• Hüvenermühle
• Huxelort
• Iburg
• Iheringsfehn
• Ihlingswarf
• Ihlowerfehn
• Ihlow (Forstbezirk)
• Ihnkeburg
• Ihren
• Ihrenerfeld
• Ihrhove
• Im Berge
• Im Bruche
• Im Fürstenkamp
• In den Dünen
• In den Höfen
• In den Leeken
• In der Barge
• Insenhausen
• Insingdorf
• Ippenburg
• Ippenwarf
• Itterbeck
• Itterbeckerhofe
• Itterbeckermoor
• Itzendorfer Schule
• Itzhausen
• Jägerheim
• Jarssum
• Jaukenburg
• Jeggen
• Jeker
• Jellsgaste
• Jemgum
• Jemgumergeise
• Jemgumerkloster
• Jennelt
• Joachimsfeld
• Jöstinghausen
• Jübberde
• Jüchen
• Juist
• Jünglingsheim
• Junkersrott
• Junks Anbau
• Juttswarf
• Kaerei
• Käkerei
• Kalkriese
• Kalle
• Kampe
• Kampen
• Kampener Buschhaus
• Kampener Vorwerk
• Kamphaus
• Kamphof
• Kamphusen
• Kanhusen
• Kankebeer
• Kantjeburg
• Kanum
• Kanumer Ziegelei
• Kapelle
• Kappelschleuse
• Karl Georgs Forst
• Karlshof
• Karmstland
• Karolinengrode ostseits
• Karolinengrode westseits
• Karolinensiel
• Karwisch
• Käseforth
• Kathenermoor
• Kathen Frackel
• Katholischer Platz
• Katthagen
• Kellerberg
• Kellinghausen
• Kerkamp
• Kerssenbrock
• Kesselschleuse
• Kettenkamp
• Kiebitznest
• Kiefeld
• Kiel
• Kiest
• Kiphausen
• Kippens
• Kirchborgum
• Kirchdorf
• Kirchdorferfeld
• Kirchspiel
• Kirmeer
• Klein Albringswehr
• Klein Armenland
• Klein Babel
• Klein Berssen
• Klein Bohnenburg
• Klein Bokern
• Klein Buschhaus
• Klein Charlottengrode
• Klein Dohren
• Klein Dörgen
• Klein Drehle
• Kleiner Krug
• Klein Fullen
• Klein Grashaus
• Kleinheide
• Klein Heikeland
• Kleinhesel
• Klein Heselermoor
• Klein Hesepe
• Klein Hiselhusen
• Klein Hollande
• Kleinhollen
• Kleinhusums
• Klein Isums
• Klein Kiphausen
• Klein Kolhörn
• Klein Krinwehrum
• Klein Meerhaus
• Klein Mimmelage
• Klein Moorburg
• Kleinoldendorf
• Klein Rantzeel
• Klein Remels
• Klein Ringe
• Klein Sande
• Klein Schulenburger Polder
• Klein Solberg
• Klein Stavern
• Klein Striepe
• Klein Süder Charlottenpolder
• Klein Tjücher Grashaus
• Klein Upende
• Klein Warsen
• Kleinweg
• Kleinwerdumer Grashaus
• Kleipsander
• Klemenswerth
• Klien Horst
• Klienhorsten
• Klinge
• Klooster
• Kloster
• Kloster Aland
• Kloster Blauhaus
• Klosterdorf
• Kloster Dünebroek
• Klosterholte
• Klosterholte Haverbeck
• Klosterlohne
• Kloster Marienkamp
• Klostermoor I
• Klostermoor II
• Kloster Muhde
• Klosterneuhaus
• Kloster Schoo
• Kloster Thedinga
• Kloster Uppingen
• Klunderburg
• Kluse
• Klusorth
• Klusorth Bramhaar
• Klustermühle
• Knock
• Knyphauserwald
• Koldam
• Koldeborg
• Koldeborgersiel
• Koldebörn
• Koldehörn
• Koldemüntje
• Koldewehr
• Koldewehrster Wassermühle
• Koldewind
• Koldinne
• Koldinnergaste
• Kölke
• Kölker
• Kollhof
• Kollhusen
• Kollinghorst
• Kollrunge
• Kollrungermoor
• Komper
• Konkordia
• Konstantia
• Koppelburg
• Korde
• Kossenhof
• Köterei
• Krall
• Krebsburg
• Kreitlapperei
• Krevinghausen
• Kreyenborg
• Kringwehrum
• Kritzum
• Krolinengrodendeich
• Kronsundern
• Krukum
• Kruppscher-Schiessplatz
• Krüssel
• Kugel
• Küingdorf
• Kukelborg
• Kummerhusen
• Kunkemühle
• Kunkheide
• Kunstenge
• Küsterei
• Laar
• Laer
• Laer (Gut)
• Lagabirumerfeld
• Lage
• Lähden
• Lahn
• Lahre
• Lammersfehn
• Lammersfelde
• Lammershörn
• Landegge
• Landegge (Haus)
• Landluft
• Landsburg
• Landschaftspolder
• Langefeld
• Langelage
• Langen
• Langenberg
• Langeoog
• Langeriepe
• Langestrich
• Langholt
• Langstrasse
• Langstrasserfeld
• Langstrich
• Larrelt
• Larrelter
• Larrelt Gross Midsumer Mühle
• Lastrup
• Lathen
• Latherfähre
• Laukeriege
• Laxten
• Lechterke
• Lechtingen
• Lechtrup
• Lechtrup Merzen
• Lecker
• Lederne Lampe
• Leege
• Leegmoor
• Leer
• Leerhafe
• Leerort
• Leerorter Fähre
• Leezdorf
• Lefken Norda
• Legeplatz
• Lehe
• Lehmhaus
• Lehmkuhlen
• Lehrte
• Leisse
• Leitfeneranstalt Kampen
• Lemke
• Lengerich (Bauerschaft)
• Lengerich (Dorf)
• Lepens
• Leschede
• Leuchtturm
• Leysanderpolder
• Lilienthal
• Limbergen
• Lindloh
• Lingen
• Lingenshof
• Linne
• Linnerheide
• Lintelermarsch
• Lintern
• Lintorf
• Listrup
• Lockhausen
• Loga
• Logabirum
• Logaerfeld
• Logumer Vorwerk
• Loh
• Lohbeck
• Lohbrink
• Lohe
• Lohe Venslage
• Lohne
• Longewehr
• Lonnerbecke
• Lonne (Rittergut)
• Loog
• Loppelt
• Loppersum
• Loppersum (Bahnhof)
• Loppersumer Grashaus
• Loppersumer Meedehaus
• Lopsum
• Loquard
• Lorup
• Losekamp
• Lotten
• Lottjeshausen
• Loxten
• Lübbertsfehn
• Lüchtenborg
• Lüchtenburg
• Ludwigsburg
• Ludwigsdorf
• Ludwigsgrode
• Lugthock
• Lulle
• Lünsfeld
• Lüstringen
• Lütetsburg
• Lütetsburger Ziegelei
• Lütetsburg (Forsthaus)
• Lütjegaste
• Lütje Haus
• Lütjewolde
• Lütleberge
• Lynesch
• Mackeriege
• Mahlburg
• Malbergen
• Malgarten
• Mamburg
• Mamhusen
• Manslagt
• Marcardsmoor
• Margens
• Marienchor
• Marienfeld
• Marienhafe
• Marienheil
• Marienwehr
• Mark
• Markendorf
• Marschhausen
• Marx
• Marz
• Masch
• Mäscher
• Meedeplatz
• Meer Aland
• Meerhausen
• Meerhusen
• Meesdorf
• Mehringen
• Meinersfehn
• Melchertsburg
• Melle
• Melle (Bahnhof)
• Melstrup
• Menkeweg
• Menslage
• Menslage Herbergen
• Menstede
• Mensted Koldinne
• Mentrup
• Meppen
• Mershof
• Merzen
• Messingen
• Metzenburg
• Metzenheerd
• Meyenburg
• Meyerei
• Meyerhof
• Meyerhöfen
• Middelburg
• Middelsburg
• Middels Osterloog
• Middelstenborgum
• Middelsterborg
• Middelstewehr
• Middels Westerloog
• Midlum
• Miedelsum
• Mimstede
• Mitling
• Mitling Mark
• Mitte Grossefehn
• Mitteldorf
• Mittel Kiphausen
• Mittelstrich
• Mofishütte
• Möhlenwarf
• Molkerei
• Mönkehöfen
• Mönnikebrücke
• Möns
• Mooracker
• Moordorf
• Moorhäuser
• Moorhusen
• Moorlage
• Moorriege
• Moorweg
• Mörken
• Moselerberg
• Mosewarfen
• Mudderpott
• Müggenburg
• Müggenkrug
• Mühle
• Mühlengraben
• Mühlenhaus
• Mühlenlohne
• Mühlenloog
• Mühlenort
• Mühlenstrich
• Mühlenwarf
• Müll
• Mullwarf
• Mundersum
• Münkeboe
• Münkenland
• Münnigbüren
• Müschen
• Naarstigheid
• Nahne
• Narp
• Narperfeld
• Natbergen
• Natrup Hagen
• Natrup Hilter
• Naustrasse
• Neegrobeer
• Neerlage
• Neermoor
• Neermoor (Kolonie)
• Nemden
• Nemmer’sche Häuser
• Nendorp
• Nenndorf
• Nesse
• Nesseburg
• Nesserland
• Nessmeraltendeich
• Nessmergrode
• Nessmerhammrich
• Nessmermühle
• Nessmerpolder
• Nessmersiel
• Nettelburg
• Neuahlen
• Neuarenberg
• Neu Babel
• Neu Bartstede
• Neu Beerssen
• Neu Blockhaus
• Neubörger
• Neuburg
• Neudersum
• Neudorf
• Neudorfermoor
• Neudörpen
• Neuefehn
• Neu Ekels
• Neuemoor
• Neue Mühle
• Neuenhaus
• Neuenkirchen
• Neuenlande
• Neuenwalde (Forstbezirk)
• Neuer Platz
• Neuer Weg
• Neue Ziegelei
• Neufirrel
• Neufolstenhausen
• Neufunnixsiel
• Neuharlingersiel
• Neuhausen
• Neuheede
• Neuheiligenstein
• Neu Herbrum
• Neuholthausen
• Neuis
• Neuiserfeld
• Neuland
• Neulehe
• Neu Lingenshof
• Neulorup
• Neurhede
• Neu Ringe
• Neu Sandhorst
• Neu Schledehausen
• Neuschoo
• Neu Seriem
• Neu Siegelsum
• Neustadt
• Neustadtgödens
• Neusustrum
• Neutrup
• Neuvrees
• Neu Wallinghausen
• Neuwarfen
• Neuwarsen
• Neuwerdumer Grashaus
• Neu Wigboldsbur (Kolonie)
• Nider Darme
• Nieder Gersten
• Niederholsten
• Nieder Kerssenbrock
• Niederlangen
• Niederlanger Feld
• Nienberg
• Nienhaus
• Nienhof
• Niewedde
• Norden
• Nordenfelde
• Norder Christian-Eberhards Polder
• Norderney
• Nordfeld
• Nordgeorgsfehn
• Nordhausen
• Nordholte
• Nordhorn
• Nordkamp
• Nordlohne
• Nordorfer Grashaus
• Nordwerdum
• Nordys
• Norichmoor
• Nortis
• Nortmoor
• Nortup
• Nortup Loxten
• Nostenbusch
• Nüttermoor
• Nüven
• Ober Gersten
• Oberheide
• Oberholsten
• Ober Kerssenbrock
• Oberlangen
• Oberlanger Tenge
• Oberlebinger Doma
• Obernheide
• Ober Sloet
• Ochtelbur
• Ochtersum
• Ockenhausen
• Ödenfeld
• Ogenbargen
• Ohbeck
• Ohne
• Ohrte
• Ohrtermersch
• Oldeborg
• Oldeborger Acker
• Oldehof
• Oldendorf
• Oldendorp
• Oldendorperdammrich
• Oldennorde
• Oldersum
• Oldersum (Bahnhof)
• Oldersumer Grashaus
• Oldersumer Hammrich
• Oldersumer Neuland
• Oldezyl
• Ölingen
• Oltmannsfehn
• Ösede
• Ösede (Kloster)
• Osnabrück
• Osqnard
• Ostarle
• Ostbense
• Ostdorf
• Osteel
• Osteeler Altendeich
• Osteeler Neuland
• Ostende Langeoog
• Ostenfelde
• Ostenwalde
• Osteraccum
• Osterbrande
• Osterbrock
• Osterbur
• Osterdeich
• Osteregels (Forstbezirk)
• Osteresch
• Ostergaste
• Osterhusen
• Osterkappeln
• Oster Koldinner Grashaus
• Ostermarsch
• Ostermoordorf
• Osternwalde
• Osteroden
• Osterpastorei
• Ostersander
• Osterupgant
• Osterupganter Acker
• Osterwald
• Osterwarf
• Ost Grossefehn
• Ostlähden
• Ostland Borkum
• Ostlintel
• Ostochtersum
• Ostrhauderfehn
• Ostwie
• Otterdeich
• Otterhamm
• Ottershörn
• Överingen
• Overkamp
• Overlgönne
• Overwater
• Paltrock
• Panneboe
• Pansath
• Papenburg
• Papenbusch
• Papetjüch
• Patersweg
• Peingdorf
• Peldemühle
• Pente
• Penterknapp
• Petersdose
• Petkum
• Petkumer Hammrich
• Petkumer Klappe
• Petkumer Münte
• Pewsum
• Pewsum (Bahnhof)
• Pewsumer Hammrich
• Pewsumer Meede
• Pewsumer Schatthaus
• Pewsumer Vorwerk
• Pfalzdorf
• Pfalzdorfermoor
• Philippsburg
• Pilsum
• Placke
• Plaggenburg
• Plaggenschale
• Plankorth
• Plantlünne
• Pockens
• Poggenburg
• Poghausen
• Pogum
• Pöhle
• Pokel
• Polle
• Polle Estringen Rottum
• Pool
• Popens
• Potshausen
• Potshauser Leyhe
• Powe
• Priggenhagen
• Provinzialmoor
• Pumpsiel
• Pye
• Quakenbrück
• Quarantoineanstalt
• Quendorf
• Rabber
• Rabberbruch
• Radingen
• Rahe
• Rahestermoor
• Raken
• Raming
• Ramsel
• Rapien
• Rattinghausen
• Ratzel
• Ravensberg
• Rechtsupweg
• Redecke
• Reelenhof
• Reepsholt
• Reersum
• Rehteich
• Reidump
• Reithamm
• Reitmoor
• Reitsburg
• Remels
• Remsede
• Renslage
• Resterhafe
• Restrup
• Rhaude
• Rhaudermoor
• Rhauderwieke
• Rhede
• Rhederfeld
• Rheidermeerster Mühle
• Rheitlage
• Rickhausen
• Riemsloh
• Rientjes Mühle
• Riepe
• Riepsterhammrich
• Rieste
• Rinzeldorf
• Rispel
• Rispelerhellmt
• Robiskrug
• Roggenstede
• Roggenstedter Hammer
• Roheide
• Rolle
• Rorichum
• Rothe Scheune
• Rothe Vorwerk
• Rothfelde
• Röttens
• Rottum
• Rühle
• Rühlermoor
• Rühlertwist
• Rulle
• Rupennest
• Rüsfort
• Rüssel
• Rüsthofen
• Ruten
• Rütenbrock
• Rütenbrocker Kanal
• Rütenmoor
• Rysum
• Rysumer Armenanstalt
• Rysumer Hammrich
• Rysumer Vorwrk
• Salzbergen
• Samern
• Sandbauerschaft
• Sande
• Sande bei Borsum
• Sanden
• Sandhausen
• Sandhögte
• Sandhorst
• Sandkrug
• Sandwisch
• Sankt Annen
• Sankt Georgiwald
• Sautmannshausen (Gut)
• Schäferhaus Lathen
• Schafhaus
• Schagen
• Schandorf
• Schapen
• Scharrel
• Schatteburg
• Scheerhorn
• Schelenburg
• Scheperhusen
• Schepsdorf
• Schepsdorf Lohne
• Schierloh
• Schilchthorst
• Schinkel
• Schiplage
• Schirum
• Schirumerfeld
• Schirumer Hammrich
• Schirumer Leegmoor
• Schlagbrücken
• Schledehausen
• Schleen
• Schleepens
• Schleper
• Schleppenburg
• Schleptrup
• Schleuse
• Schleusenhaus
• Schlichteberg
• Schlochtern
• Schloss Bentheim
• Schloss Evenburg
• Schlossfeld
• Schloss Gödens
• Schlöterei
• Schluis
• Schluisweg
• Schmackens
• Schmalenau
• Schnapp
• Schnepel
• Schollhof
• Schönfeld
• Schöninghsdorf
• Schoo (Domäne)
• Schoo (Forsthaus)
• Schoonorth
• Schöpfwerk
• Schothock
• Schott
• Schottjer Dreesche
• Schottjer Grode
• Schottjer Vorwerk
• Schukenbrock
• Schule
• Schüttorf
• Schwagstorf
• Schwanemühle
• Schwartenberg
• Schwartenpohl
• Schwarzehörn
• Schwege
• Schwegerhof
• Schweindorf
• Schwer
• Schwerinsdorf
• Schwesingen
• Schwindeler
• Schwittersum
• Segberg
• Sehlingdorf
• Seitenholz
• Selhofe
• Selverde
• Sentrup
• Seriem
• Sett
• Settlage
• Settrup
• Severinghausen
• Siebelshörn
• Siebestock
• Siegelsum
• Sielhof
• Sielmönken
• Sieltog
• Siepelborg
• Siepkwerdum
• Sieringhoek
• Silland
• Simonswolde
• Smarlingen
• Sögel
• Sögeln
• Soltendobben
• Soltenland
• Sommeringen
• Sondermühlen
• Sopenhock
• Sophienhof
• Soring
• Spahn
• Sparenburg
• Spekendorf
• Spelle
• Spetzerfehn
• Spiegelhaus
• Spieker
• Spiekeroog
• Splitt
• Spols
• Sprakel
• Springbiel
• Spyck
• Stadtmark
• Stadtwyk
• Stallbrüggerfeld
• Stapel
• Stapelermoor
• Stapelmoor
• Stapelmoorerheide
• Starten
• Stedesdorf
• Stedesdorf Haltstelle
• Steenfelde
• Steenfelderfehn
• Steenfelderfeld
• Steide
• Steider Heck
• Steinbild
• Steinhamm
• Steinhof
• Sterbur
• Sterrenburg
• Stickhausen
• Stiekelkamp
• Stiekelkamperfehn
• Stikelborg
• Stirpe
• Stirpe Ölingen
• Stockum (Bauernschaft)
• Stockum (Gut)
• Stovern
• Strackholt
• Strang
• Striepe
• Strietfeld
• Strobe
• Strohde
• Ströhn
• Strotburg
• Stroth
• Strubbe
• Strück
• Südarle
• Suddenburg
• Suddendorf
• Südenburg
• Sudendorf
• Sudenfeld
• Süder Christian-Eberhards Polder
• Südermoor
• Süderneuland I
• Süderneuland II
• Süderpolder
• Suderwehe
• Südfeld
• Südgeorgsfehn
• Südgeorgsfehnermoor
• Südhörn
• Südkoldinne
• Südmerzen
• Südmoor
• Sud Nord Kanal
• Süd Viktorbur
• Südwendung
• Sunkemarum
• Sunsbeck
• Surburg
• Surenburg
• Sustrum
• Suttorf
• Suttrup
• Suurhusen
• Suurhuser Hammrich
• Talge
• Talge Wilsten
• Tammegast
• Tannenhausen
• Teglingen
• Teich
• Teichbruch
• Teltingspolder
• Terborg
• Tergast
• Tergaster Hammrich
• Terhalle
• Terheide
• Terwisch
• Thedinga (Kloster)
• Theene
• Theener
• Theener Neuland
• Thesingfeld
• Thiemensburg
• Thiene
• Tholenswehr
• Thomasburg
• Thuine
• Thunum
• Tichelboe
• Tichelwarf
• Till
• Timmel
• Timmern
• Timpenburg
• Tinholt
• Tinnen
• Tittingdorf
• Tjackleger
• Tjüche
• Tjüchen
• Tonnenkap
• Toqnard
• Tromschlag
• Tunge
• Tuntel
• Tunxdorf
• Tütelborg
• Tütingen
• Tütjebült
• Tüurkei
• Tweehusen
• Twietens
• Twixlum
• Übermühlen
• Üdinghausen
• Üdinghausen Warringhof
• Üffeln
• Uhlenberg
• Uhlsmeerster Mühle
• Uiterstewehr
• Ukeborg
• Ulbargen
• Ulgerwehr
• Ülkebüll
• Ülkebült
• Ülkebütte
• Ülkegatt
• Ülkerei
• Ülsen
• Unter Sloet
• Unvermoden
• Upende
• Upender Acker
• Upganter Acker
• Upganter meede
• Upgant Schott
• Uphausen
• Uphausen Eistrup
• Uphöfen
• Upholm
• Uphusen
• Uphuser Grashaus
• Uphuser Schwager
• Upleward
• Uplewarder Grashaus
• Upping
• Upsehört
• Utarp
• Utgast
• Uthof
• Uthörn
• Uthwerdum
• Uttel
• Uttum
• Varenrode
• Varloh
• Vechtel
• Veenhusen
• Veenhusen (Kolonie)
• Veenhuser Königsmoor
• Veerssen
• Vehrte
• Vehs
• Velde
• Veldgaar
• Veldhausen
• Vellage
• Venekamp
• Venhause
• Venne
• Vennebrügge
• Venneplatz
• Venslage
• Vereinigung
• Vessendorf
• Viktorbur
• Viktorburermarsch
• Viktorburer Wilde
• Vinnen
• Vinte
• Visquard
• Visquarder Meede
• Visquarder Wassermühle
• Vliehaus
• Vogelburg
• Vogelpohl
• Vögelsang
• Völlen
• Völlenerfehn
• Völlenerkönigsfehn
• Voltlage
• Volzel
• von How’sche Villa
• Vor dem Bruche
• Vor dem Walde
• Vörden
• Vormeppen
• Vormeppener Esterfeld
• Vorssumer Schleuse
• Vorwald
• Vorwalde
• Vosgat
• Vossbarg
• Vossberg
• Vossenbarg
• Vosskuhlen
• Voxtrup
• Vrees
• Wachendorf
• Wachtshaus
• Wachtum
• Wagnersfehn
• Wahlburg
• Wahlstätte
• Wahn
• Walchum
• Waldhöfe
• Waldmeister
• Waldseite
• Walle
• Wallen
• Wallenhorst
• Wallinghausen
• Wallum
• Walsum
• Warf
• Warfe
• Warringhof
• Warsingsfehn
• Warsingsfehnpolder
• Wasserhausen
• Wassermühle
• Wassermühlenhaus am Freepsumer Meer
• Wasserschöpfmühle
• Wasserschöpfmühle bei Kloster Blauhaus
• Wassmühlenhaus am Meedewege
• Waterloh
• Waterwarf
• Webershausen
• Weddermünken
• Wedelfeld
• Weekeborg
• Weel Aland
• Weene
• Weener
• Weenermoor
• Weener Vorwerk
• Weese
• Weet’s Haus
• Weghorst
• Wegmühlen
• Wehbergen
• Wehdel
• Wehlage
• Wehle
• Wehm
• Wehrendorf
• Wehrendorferberg
• Wehrhaus
• Wehringdorf
• Weisse Floh
• Weissenberg
• Weithörn
• Wekenborg
• Wellingen
• Wellingholzhausen
• Welplage
• Weltlintel
• Wengsel
• Wenkerei
• Wennigsen
• Werde
• Werdum
• Werdumeraltendeich
• Werdumeraltengrode
• Werdumer Altengrodendeich
• Werlte
• Werpeloh
• Wersche
• Werstermarch II
• Wesel
• Westbense
• Westdorf
• Westenberg
• Westendorf
• Wester
• Westeraccum
• Westeraccumersiel
• Westerbrande
• Westerbur
• Westerburer Neuland
• Westerburer Polder
• Westerdeich
• Westerende
• Westerende Holzloog
• Westerende Kirchloog
• Westerender Hammrich
• Westerfeld
• Westerhausen
• Westerholer Hammrich
• Westerholt
• Westerholte
• Westerhörner Schule
• Westerhusen
• Westerhuser Neuland
• Wester Koldinner Grashaus
• Westerloh
• Westerlohmühlen
• Westermarsch I
• Westermoordorf
• Westerochtersum
• Westeroden
• Westerpastorei
• Westersander
• Westersanderfeld
• Westerschoo
• Westerwarf
• Westerwiede
• Westgaste
• West Grossefehn
• Westhoyel
• West Ochtersumerfeld
• Westram
• Westrhauderfehn
• Westringaburg
• Westrum
• Westrup
• Westsälische Eisenbahn
• West Timmeler Osterweide
• Wesuwe
• Wetter
• Wettrup
• Weusten
• Wichhusen
• Wichte
• Widdelswehr
• Widdelswehrster Hammrich
• Wiebusch
• Wiederbrocksheide
• Wiegboldsbur
• Wiek
• Wielen
• Wiemannsburg
• Wierde
• Wieresch
• Wierup
• Wiesede
• Wiesederfehn
• Wiesedermeer
• Wiesens
• Wiesenser Mooräcker
• Wieste
• Wietmarschen
• Wilgen
• Wilhelminenhof
• Wilhelmsfehn I
• Wilhelmsfehn II
• Wilhelmshaven
• Wilhelmshof
• Wilhelmshöhe
• Wilholte
• Willen
• Willmsfeld
• Wilsten
• Wilsum
• Wiltshausen
• Wimmer
• Winkelsetten
• Wippingen
• Wirantepott
• Wirde
• Wirdum
• Wirdumer Altedeich
• Wirdumer Grashaus
• Wirdumer Neuland
• Wischenborg
• Wissingen
• Wittefloh
• Wittenberg
• Wittenkamp
• Wittlage
• Wittmund
• Wittmunderwald
• Wohld
• Wold
• Wolda
• Wolde
• Woltesterborg
• Wolthusen
• Woltrup
• Woltrup Wehbergen
• Woltzeten
• Woltzetener Vorwerk
• Woquard
• Wösthaus
• Wrisse
• Wrisser Hammrich
• Wrisser Moorlage
• Wulsten
• Wundel
• Wusterheide
• Wybelsum
• Wybelsumer Hammrich
• Wykhof
• Wymeer
• Wymeerer Altendeich
• Wymeerer Wasserschöpfmühlen
• Zeche Hammerstein
• Zeldenrüft
• Ziegelei
• Ziegeleiplatz
• Ziegelhof
• Zitter
• Zwischenbergen
• Zwischenmoorten

Order Map Guide to German Parish Registers Hannover III by clicking here.

FLIGHT DELAY – Frankfurt Airport and other airports in Germany remain closed. Frankfurt Airport is still closed along with Berlin-Tegel, Berlin-Schoenefeld, Hamburg, Bremen, Hanover, Muenster/Osnabrueck, Dusseldorf and Cologne/Bonn.

Reports had said that at 8 am ET April 19 Frankfurt Airport would have a new update. There isn’t one posted on its website. In fact websites for Berlin to Bonn airport have a notice that “The Federal Ministry of Transport has commissioned a German air traffic control flight restriction for the North German airspace” area.

Many of the Europe airports were to have an update by 8 am EST April 19. They do not.

CLICK HERE FOR OTHER AIRPORT CLOSURES

On Thursday, some Europe airports underestimated the volcanic ash problem, suggesting they would be open Thursday afternoon. Frankurt did not, saying the airport would remain closed for an “undetermined period” says DSF air traffic control in Germany.

Now all German airports remain closed as of April 19. This is the notice on the Berlin airport website:

“Information for our passengers: flight restrictions for the German air space

“The European air transport is due to the volcanic eruption in Iceland and the resultant ash cloud impaired. The cloud is moving in several thousand meters from Iceland in southeastern direction.

“The Federal Ministry of Transport has commissioned a German air traffic control flight restriction for the North German airspace pronounce.

“Takeoffs and landings at the airports in Berlin are therefore not possible with current state.

“Due to the large number of hits on our website may lead to server overload. Due to the congestion, it may also be problems with the display of the flight status so that we then display only temporarily planned times.

“Passengers are urged to contact their airline prior to travel with in conjunction. Also, please contact the call center of Berlin Airports on the Hotline 0180/500 01 86 available.

“How long will it still come to impairments is unknown to date. The decisive factor is the development of the weather. The competent authorities will work in close cooperation with the German Weather Service.”

The Frankfurt airport also says its airport remains closed.

Their website online is here

Here are current airport closures and openings as of 1 am PST Monday April 19. Where the (*) is indicated, LALATE has an individual report about that airline between Thursday and today with a link to their airport website.

* AUSTRIA – Opens 12 am ET April 19.
BOSNIA – Open
* BRITAIN – Closed at least til April 19
BULGARIA – Sofia and Plovdiv open 7 AM EST April 19, other aiprorts closed.
CZECH REPUBLIC – Closed until update Monday April 19.
DENMARK – Open for flights above 10,800 meters (35,500 feet).
ESTONIA – Closed until update Monday April 19.
FINLAND – Open for six hours Monday, some airports closed.
* FRANCE – Bordeaux, Marseille, Nice, Toulouse open until 9 am EST April 19. Airports north of Nice-Bordeaux closed until April 20.
* GERMANY – Closed until update Monday April 19.
HUNGARY – Closed until update Monday April 19.
IRELAND – Closed until update Monday April 19.
ITALY – Open.
LATVIA – Airspace above 6,000 meters (19,700 feet) open.
LITHUANIA – Open.
MONTENEGRO – Open.
* NETHERLANDS – Closed until update Monday April 19.
* NORWAY – Oslo open limited.
* POLAND – Closed until update Monday April 19.
ROMANIA – Closed until update Monday April 19.
RUSSIA – Open.
SERBIA – Open
SLOVAKIA – Closed until update Monday April 19.
SPAIN – Open.
SWEDEN – Limited Open.
* SWITZERLAND – Closed until update Monday April 19.
TURKEY – Open
UKRAINE – Open

For continuing coverage of airport confusion caused by the ash cloud today, click here: http://news.lalate.com/category/travel.

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05/07/2010 | Man City pronto ad altre spese. Vandali nello stadio dell' Albion Rovers.

LIBRI DISPONIBILI:Leoni fuori gabbia" ( nuova uscita ) Euro 22,00 + posta prioritaria 2,20 oppure posta raccomandata tracciabile 5,35.Puoi effettuare un bonifico a favore di Luca Tomaselli IBAN: IT31 R0306901 0061 0000 0090 634 BIC TI TMM, ricaricare la poste pay numero 4023600577836960 Luca Tomaselli oppure pagare mediante PayPal all' indirizzo: idlcasualsutd@interfree.it.Ricordarsi sempre di inviare i dati per la spedizione quando essi non sono già ricompresi nella notifica dell'avvenuto pagamento, a: italianlads@gmail.com.Il volume è anche in vendita su www.lulu.com con offerta di varie modalità di spedizione. ORA ANCHE SU EBAY!"Lads 2009": Euro 25,00+posta prioritaria 5,20 oppure posta raccomandata tracciabile 7,35.Si possono effettuare il bonifico bancario o il pagamento PayPal/ PostePay agli estremi di cui sopra. Il volume è disponibile fino ad esaurimento delle ultime 5 copie anche su E-Bay.Alternativamente il libro è disponibile su www.lulu.com oppure su www.amazon.com , anche qui con offerta di varie modalità di spedizione.Finalmente disponibile anche "The Final" di "Three Italian gentlemen "( edizioni Boogaloo ), Euro 15,00 + posta prioritaria 4,00 oppure posta raccomandata tracciabile 5,35. E' possibile acquistarlo su EBAY o scrivendo a italianlads@gmail.com . Acquistando più volumi le spese della posta raccomandata si riducono: per 2 volumi ( qualsiasi ) Euro 9,85. Nessuna spesa postale per acquisto di almeno 4 volumi.Chi paga con bonifico bancario o poste pay si ricordi sempre di allegare la ricevuta scannerizzata in email e di unire l' indirizzo per la spedizione.

 

Con il Manchester Utd ed il Liverpool alle prese con ormai cronici problemi finanziari ed  Arsenal e Chelsea non disposti a fare follie, almeno apparentemente, il solito Man City ( fans in foto ) sembra essere la società in procinto di investire le somme più alte nel calciomercato. Luis,Dzeko, Kolarov e Balotelli sono solamente alcuni dei giocatori che interessano ai "Citizens" che, però, hanno ricevuto un secco rifiuto da Fernando Torres qualora "El nino" dovesse lasciare Liverpool. Intanto lo stadio dell' Albion Rovers è stato bersagliato per l'enensima volta da vandali che hanno danneggiato sia le gradinate che il manto erboso. Dopo le precedenti incursioni sono state attivate telecamere a circuito chiuso ma gli intrusi sembra le abbiano evitate, a prova del fatto che non si tratterebbe dei gesti di soggetti ubriachi ma di azioni studiate a tavolino.

 

You Have Been Flickrd: Flickr censors users in Germany, Singapore, Hong Kong and Korea

Now you see us, now you don’t! Together with the new multi-language features announced by Flickr, they have added censorship to Flickr accounts of users in Germany, Singapore, Hong Kong and Korea. Users from Austria and Switzerland are also affected. Does Flickr know they just speak “German” but are not Germans..?

Update Jun 15: we made it to the top of flickr.com/explore!

Click on the screenshot to go to the photo detail page on Flickr

Actually, we are still making it…several censored times!

Before I start

Before I start, let me tell you that there are currently but two “Web 2.0″ services for which I pay for: Flickr and LibraryThing. Let me also say that due to my personal background, I might have a very biased view regarding censorship. In short: I do not like it at all.

One of my favorite quotes is from Abraham Lincoln who was – just to stress – American, just like the companies of Flickr and Yahoo:

“Those who deny freedom to others, deserve it not for themselves;
and, under a just God, can not long retain it.”
– Abraham Lincoln, April 6, 1859, Letter to Henry Pierce

Note: We have added the Flickr legal documents (terms of use, privacy policy, etc.) to our GooDiff project. They are now being actively tracked for changes and modifications.

Background

As you can read in Flickr’s help section about content filters, users – free accounts and paying “Pro” users – in the affected countries cannot disable Flickr’s content filter:

Set your SafeSearch preference (This does not apply if your Yahoo! ID is based in Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong or Korea.)

However, if you check Flickr’s own Terms of Use for Pro accounts (in case the ToS gets changed later, you can read the archived version from today at GooDiff):

9. OBJECTIONABLE MATERIAL
You understand that by using Flickr pro, you may encounter content that may be deemed offensive, indecent, or objectionable, which content may or may not be identified as having explicit subject matter. Nevertheless, you agree to use Flickr pro at your sole risk and that Flickr shall not have any liability to you for content that may be found to be offensive, indecent, or objectionable.

An interesting coincidence is that just recently, the shareholders of Yahoo (the company owning Flickr) have rejected plans for the company to adopt a policy that opposes censorship on the internet based on the recommendation of Yahoo’s board of directors. (you might want to read the full text of the shareholder proposal)

A very good resource with well-grounded research about censorship in the Internet is the OpenNet Initiative. The OpenNet initiative is a collaborative partnership between the Citizen Lab at the Munk Centre for International Studies, University of Toronto (Canada), the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School (USA), and the Advanced Network Research Group at the Cambridge Security Programme, University of Cambridge (USA). They regularly publish reports and information about filtering and censorship in the Internet.

The Flickr community fights against censorship

The support from the Flickr community has been overwhelming in the last days. Users from all over the world help us to show Flickr that we can think and decide for ourselves.

It was already late at night here when I tried to add some of my own ideas to the picture piles. It is not meant as a shameless plug, just consider it as edutainment:

To be honest, there are much better pictures out there. Just have a look at Flickr, at the moment you can’t miss them.

As a German, I have additional problems to understand Flickr’s move as other German photo services such as fotocommunity.de do not need such censorship means in order to comply with German law (some users suspected that the move was due to legal obligations specific to Germany).

Update on June 19, 2007

Flickr user vegitill found some interesting trends on Flickr’s camera pages. As you can see in the picture, the number of uploaded pictures has been descreasing since the censorship issue. By how much? Hard to say as Flickr’s statistics don’t show a legend/scale. As others have pointed out, the trend could also be caused by former Yahoo! Photos users importing pictures without camera information (for example).

I have shamelessly copied the image to have a non-Flickr “backup”. All credits go to vegitill.

What is Flickr’s reaction to the protests?

Well, the first and for now only official response was posted by Stewart (Flickr staff member). As AustinTX put it: “That is the biggest nonstatement I have ever seen from a Flickr representative. You said absolutely nothing. How could you possible have not forseen this reaction?”. True, ’nuff said.

If you are interested, you can check out my replies that I wrote in the Flickr forum: first message, second message, third message, fourth message, fifth message.
There are more, just browse through the thread.

A very important point from my perspective:

[...] one of the critical mistakes you made by your censorship move is – in my opinion – that you are really upsetting the early adapters of Flickr in Germany who have started using Flickr a long time ago. These might be the best marketeers you could bring to the table in order to attract new people (= our friends & families!) to Flickr.

Censorship is a hot discussion point in Germany and for users it’s a big no-no.

Do you [Flickr] really believe that I will recommend a censorship service to any of my friends?

Remember that Flickr was an English-only online service until now. The existing German Flickr users could cope with that (most of us Germans over there can speak English quite well). The censorship move has now caused a tremendous wave of anger in the German Flickr community, i.e. exactly those people who have been the biggest “fans” and proponents of Flickr in our country so far. If you heard from your friends – all long-term users – that they are absolutely disappointed by an online service and have switched to a different one, would you still start to use it?

A forum reply from Heather (Flickr staff member) told us that the decision to introduce filtering for Germany was required to conform with German law:

The decision to change the Flickr experience in Germany was never about censorship – it was made to try to ensure that Yahoo! Germany was in compliance with local legal restrictions. In fact, we’re all getting really uncomfortable that the words “flickr” and “censorship” are being jammed together with increasing frequency because that is _so far_ from the direction we’re trying to move in.

The central problem is that Germany has much more stringent age verification laws than its neighboring countries and specifies much harsher penalties, including jail time, for those with direct responsibility (in our case, it would be our colleagues in the German offices and we’re not willing to make a call that has that kind of consequence for them).

Up to the point of launch we had been exploring every possible approach which would allow us to do what makes sense while still operating inside the law. Unfortunately, the solutions did not come together in the way we thought they would.

[...]

Update on June 20, 2007

In a German article on Heise, the head of German jugendschutz.net (“protection of underages”), Friedemann Schindler, disagrees with Yahoo’s/Flickr’s description: his department has not influenced Flickr or Yahoo in any way to activate the SafeSearch filter for Germany. According to Schindler, the filtering decision of Yahoo/Flickr goes way beyond what is legally required in Germany. He suspects that the decision was born out of Yahoo’s own interests to present Flickr in a more family-friendly way.

In short: Flickr, ouch!

Update on June 18, 2007

It is not yet confirmed, but there are rumors/hints/you name it that Flickr might have been filtering accounts of users who support the anti-censorship move. To stress it again: this is unconfirmed as yet.

Here’s my own very unscientific test:

Note that this might also be caused by technical reasons such as indexing or caching. I changed my screen name some days ago and added the “[Flickr CENSORED]” tag.

Update on June 15, 2007

Flickr has “cleaned” Explore and Interestingness from our protest.

Stewart (Flickr staff member):
Yep – we started getting complaints from people who actually want to see photographs and since that’s what the feature is for, we’ve removed things that aren’t photos. This is a return what we normally do, by the way: we temporarily stopped so people could let off steam, but it’s not fair to disrupt others’ experience of Flickr to get a point across.

Plainly, not all “traces” of the protest are gone. Your own streams are fair game (and, e.g., I’m happy to leave people’s protest pics in comments on my stream), plenty of groups have been created, there’s plenty of mainstream press and blogging going on, and there is an intensely active thread in these very forums, which is covering this same topic, starting at this point in the thread.

Simply put: Flickr is kind of censoring the protest against censorship now. Might be a good enough measure to hide what’s happening to a superficial examination by lazy reporters or Internet users.

Frequently Asked Questions

Question: I simply cannot believe that! Can you show me an example of filtered photos?

Sure.

The left image shows the unfiltered photo set of user Ioupiote, the right image shows the same set as viewed by people from Germany, Singapore, Korea and Hong Kong. And to make it perfectly clear: Flickr does not only filter “nude” images or act photography (though can you imagine how much fun it is for a professional act photographer with a paid Pro account to see his artistic work censored by Flickr?), among the censored pictures are friends having fun in swimming pools, pictures made by proud parents of their babies, photos from carnival, and what not.

Question: How do I find out if my Flickr account is being censored by Flickr?

You can check it out for yourself and see whether your Flickr account is being censored or not.

Question: How can I help?

There are several ways to support the anti-censorship movement of the Flickr community.

First, spread the word! Blog about it, write comments to newspaper articles, tell Flickr what you think in the forum discussions, join the anti-censorship groups at Flickr and come up with your own photos or images that show you are against censorship on the Internet. Contact Flickr themselves and tell them that you oppose censorship!

If you need help writing a blog post or a comment on Flickr, here is a template for various languages:

Auf Deutsch:
flickr sperrt uns aus! Und auch dich! Seit gestern werden für deutsche Nutzer keine Bilder mehr angezeigt, die als ‘moderate’ oder ‘restricted’ markiert sind! Es gibt keine Moeglichkeit das umzustellen – das ist eine grobe Unverschämtheit und Frechheit von flickr! We are the users – don’t forget that flickr! Deswegen treten wir gemeinsam in Aktion und zeigen allen, das uns das nicht gefällt was flickr mit uns macht! Füge das Bild zu deinen Favoriten hinzu und poste es!

In English:
If your Yahoo! ID is based in Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong or Korea, you will only be able to view safe content based on your local Terms of Service, and therefore won’t be able to turn off SafeSearch. In other words, german users can’t access photos on flickr that are not flaged "safe" … only flowers and landscapes for the germans …

We won’t let this happen! Copy and upload this picture to your account – show flickr who we are.

Espanol:
No sé cuando, pero muy recientemente a las cuentas de Alemania, Hong Kong, Corea y Singapur les han prohibido ver las fotos que están en el Safe Search, las mismas en las que a nosotros nos dan la opcíón de ver o no ver. A ellos simplemente se lo prohiben. Chale no?

Francais:
Si votre compte Yahoo! est basé à Singapour, à Hong Kong, en Corée ou en Allemagne, vous ne pourrez voir que les photos qui n’ont pas été marquées comme ayant un contenu qui peut choquer. Toutes les autres ne vous seront pas accessibles. Vous serez donc condamnés à ne voir que des paysages et des fleurs. Il ne faut pas laisser faire ça. Envoyez cette photo sur votre compte pour montrer à Flickr que nous savons nous mobiliser contre la censure !

Em português:
Se você tem uma Yahoo! ID de Cingapura, Alemanha, Hong Kong ou Coréia você apenas será capaz de ver fotos classificadas como seguras e segundo seu termo de serviços não poderá desligar esta função.

Em outras palavras: alemães, coreanos, cingapurenses e os habitantes de Hong Kong não podem visualizar fotos no flickr que estejam classificadas como restritas ou moderadas…. apenas flores e paisagens para eles. Nós não vamos deixar isto acontecer! Copie e faça upload desta foto – mostre ao flickr quem somos!

Italiano:
Se il tuo ID yahoo è localizzato a Singapore, in Germania oppure ad Hong Kong o in Korea potrai vedere solo foto dal contenuto che è in accordo con il locale accordo dei termini di servizio per cui gli utenti flickr di quelle nazioni non potranno cambiare da SafeSearch on in SafeSearch off.

In altre parole ciò significa che gli utenti tedeschi e delle altre nazioni citate non potranno accedere a foto su flickr che non sono flaggate "safe" e quindi solo fiori e paesaggi per i tedeschi.

Second, if you have a paid Flickr Pro account (like I do), tell Flickr that you will not renew your account if the censorship is not removed (like I do). My Pro account expires in August, and even though I really like Flickr I will never renew my membership under such circumstances.

Question: How can I backup all of my Flickr photos?

Good question. I have not tested the following tools myself, but other users have reported good results:

• Downloadr (Windows only; works with XP and Vista; multiple languages)
  Quote: Downloadr (download here) now supports slideshows, sets, group pools, favorites, explore and authentication! To run downloadr, you need to install the Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 (download here).
• FlickrBackup (seems to be unreliable)
  Quote: Flickr Backup is a Java application that allows you do download your photos and back them up to your harddrive or to media. This is useful if your local harddrive goes bad and you don’t have a current backup.
• FlickrDown (requires Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0); included by suggestion of Thomas Foyth though not tested by him, either – thanks, Thomas!
• Flickr2Ipernity (Firefox browser only) – Greasemonkey plugin developed by Ipernity for importing your Flickr images to Ipernity; requires the Greasemonkey extension/addon for Firefox (see the Flickr2Ipernity web page for more information of what can be imported right now)

Question: Are there any Flickr alternatives?

Yes, there are some services like Flickr. Here’s a short list. I created accounts on each of them to test them out.

• ipernity: full Flickr “clone” based in France; has more features than Flickr (videos, blog, …) and is available in multiple languages (view example picture)
• Smugmug (view example picture; account expires on June 30, 2007)
• Foto Community: known for its rather high percentage of quality photographs; available in multiple languages (view example picture)